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Q451. For which kind of MPLS deployment is the next-hop-self all keyword used on a BGP neighbor command?
A. 6VPE
B. MPLS Carrier's carrier
C. inter-AS MPLS VPN option D
D. inter-AS MPLS VPN option C
E. Unified MPLS
Answer: E
Explanation:
Since the core and aggregation parts of the network are integrated and end-to-end LSPs are provided, the Unified MPLS solution is also referred to as "Seamless MPLS." New technologies or protocols are not used here, only MPLS, Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), IGP, and BGP. Since you do not want to distribute the loopback prefixes of the PE routers from one part of the network into another part, you need to carry the prefixes in BGP. The Internal Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP) is used in one network, so the next hop address of the prefixes is the loopback prefixes of the PE routers, which is not known by the IGP in the other parts of the network. This means that the next hop address cannot be used to recurse to an IGP prefix. The trick is to make the ABR routers Route Reflectors (RR) and set the next hop to self, even for the reflected iBGP prefixes. In order for this to work, a new knob is needed. Only the RRs need newer software to support this architecture. Since the RRs advertise the BGP prefixes with the next hop set to themselves, they assign a local MPLS label to the BGP prefixes. This means that in the data plane, the packets forwarded on these end-to-end LSPs have an extra MPLS label in the label stack. The RRs are in the forwarding path. There are two possible scenarios:
. The ABR does not set the next hop to self for the prefixes advertised (reflected by BGP) by the ABR into the aggregation part of the network. Because of this, the ABR needs to redistribute the loopback prefixes of the ABRs from the core IGP into the aggregation IGP. If this is done, there is still scalability. Only the ABR loopback prefixes (from the core) need to be advertised into the aggregation part, not the loopback prefixes from the PE routers from the remote aggregation parts.
. The ABR sets the next hop to self for the prefixes advertised (reflected by BGP) by the ABR into the aggregation part. Because of this, the ABR does not need to redistribute the loopback prefixes of the ABRs from the core IGP into the aggregation IGP.
In both scenarios, the ABR sets the next hop to self for the prefixes advertised (reflected by BGP) by the ABR from the aggregation part of the network into the core part. If this is not done, the ABR needs to redistribute the loopback prefixes of the PEs from the aggregation IGP into the core IGP. If this is done, there is no scalability. In order to set the next hop to self for reflected iBGP routes, you must configure the neighbor x.x.x.x next-hop-self all command.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/multiprotocol-label-switching-mpls/mpls/116127-configure-technology-00.html
Q452. How does EIGRP derive the metric for manual summary routes?
A. It uses the best composite metric of any component route in the topology table.
B. It uses the worst composite metric of any component route in the topology table.
C. It uses the best metric vectors of all component routes in the topology table.
D. It uses the worst metric vectors of all component routes in the topology table.
Answer: A
Explanation:
For example if your router has a routing table like this:
D 192.168.8.0/24 [90/2632528] via 192.168.0.1, 00:00:12, Serial0/0
D 192.168.9.0/24 [90/2323456] via 192.168.0.1, 00:00:12, Serial0/0
D 192.168.10.0/24 [90/2195456] via 192.168.0.1, 00:00:12, Serial0/0
D 192.168.11.0/24 [90/2323456] via 192.168.0.1, 00:00:12, Serial0/0
Now suppose you want to manually summarize all the routes above, you can use this command (on the router that advertised these routes to our router):
Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.8.0 255.255.248.0
After that the routing table of your router will look like this:
D 192.168.8.0/21 [90/2195456] via 192.168.0.1, 00:01:42, Serial0/0
And we can see the manual summary route takes the smallest metric of the specific routes.
Q453. Which two methods can you use to limit the range for EIGRP queries? (Choose two.)
A. Use an access list to deny the multicast address 224.0.0.1 outbound from select EIGRP neighbor and permit everything else.
B. Configure route tagging for all EIGRP routes.
C. Summarize routes at the boundary routers of the EIGRP domain.
D. Configure unicast EIGRP on all routers in the EIGRP domain.
E. Configure stub routers in the EIGRP domain.
F. Use an access list to deny the multicast address 224.0.0.10 outbound from select EIGRP neighbors and permit everything else.
Answer: C,E
Q454. Which three statements are true about OSPFv3? (Choose three.)
A. The only method to enable OSPFv3 on an interface is via the interface configuration mode.
B. Multiple instances of OSPFv3 can be enabled on a single link.
C. There are two methods to enable OSPFv3 on an interface, either via the interface configuration mode or via the router configuration mode.
D. For OSPFv3 to function, IPv6 unicast routing must be enabled.
E. For OSPFv3 to function, IPv6 must be enabled on the interface.
F. Only one instance of OSPFv3 can be enabled on a single link.
Answer: B,D,E
Explanation:
Here is a list of the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3:
They use different address families (OSPFv2 is for IPv4-only, OSPFv3 can be used for IPv6-only or both protocols (more on this following))
OSPFv3 introduces new LSA types
OSPFv3 has different packet format
OSPFv3 uses different flooding scope bits (U/S2/S1)
OSPFv3 adjacencies are formed over link-local IPv6 communications
OSPFv3 runs per-link rather than per-subnet
OSPFv3 supports multiple instances on a single link, Interfaces can have multiple IPv6 addresses
OSPFv3 uses multicast addresses FF02::5 (all OSPF routers), FF02::6 (all OSPF DRs)
OSPFv3 Neighbor Authentication done with IPsec (AH)
OSPFv2 Router ID (RID) must be manually configured, still a 32-bit number
Following is a simple example of OSPFv3 configuration on a Cisco IOS 12.4T router.
ipv6 unicast-routing
ipv6 cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
description Area 0.0.0.0 backbone interface
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:100:1::1/64
ipv6 ospf network broadcast
ipv6 ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
Reference: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2225270/cisco-subnet/ospfv3-for-ipv4-and-ipv6.html
Q455. Which BGP feature enables you to install a backup path in the forwarding table?
A. soft reconfiguration
B. prefix independent convergence
C. route refresh
D. synchronization
Answer: B
Explanation:
To install a backup path into the forwarding table and provide prefix independent convergence (PIC) in case of a PE-CE link failure, use the additional-paths install backup command in an appropriate address family configuration mode. To prevent installing the backup path, use the no form of this command. To disable prefix independent convergence, use the disable keyword.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/crs/software/crs_r4-2/routing/command/reference/b_routing_cr42crs/b_routing_cr42crs_chapter_01.html
Abreast of the times 400-101 dumps:
Q456. DRAG DROP
Drag and Drop Cisco PFR adjacency types.
Answer:
Q457. Which two statements best describe the difference between active mode monitoring and passive mode monitoring? (Choose two.)
A. Passive mode monitoring uses IP SLA to generate probes for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the characteristics of the WAN links.
B. Active mode monitoring is the act of Cisco PfR gathering information on user packets assembled into flows by NetfFow.
C. Active mode monitoring uses IP SLA probes for obtaining performance characteristics of the current exit WAN link.
D. Passive mode monitoring uses NetFlow for obtaining performance characteristics of the exit WAN links.
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
. Passive and Active Monitoring
Passive monitoring is the act of OER gathering information on user packets assembled into flows by NetFlow. OER, when enabled, automatically enables NetFlow on the managed interfaces on the border routers. By aggregating this information on the border routers and periodically reporting the collected data to the master controller, the network prefixes and applications in use can automatically be learned. Additionally, attributes like throughput, reachability, loading, packet loss, and latency can be deduced from the collected flows. Active monitoring is the act of generating IP SLA probes to generate test traffic for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the characteristics of the WAN links. Active probes can either be implicitly generated by OER when passive monitoring has identified destination hosts, or explicitly configured by the network manager in the OER configuration.
Reference: http://products.mcisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/Transport_div ersity/Transport_Diversity_PfR.html#wp199209
Q458. Which IP SLA operation type is enhanced by the use of the IP SLAs Responder?
A. DNS
B. HTTP
C. ICMP Echo
D. UDP Echo
Answer: D
Explanation:
Figure 1. UDP Echo Operation
Response time (round-trip time) is computed by measuring the time taken between sending a UDP echo request message from Device B to the destination device--Device A--and receiving a UDP echo reply from Device A. UDP echo accuracy is enhanced by using the IP SLAs Responder at Device A, the destination Cisco device. If the destination device is a Cisco device, then IP SLAs sends a UDP datagram to any port number that you specified. Using the IP SLAs Responder is optional for a UDP echo operation when using Cisco devices. The IP SLAs Responder cannot be configured on non-Cisco devices.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipsla/configuration/15-mt/sla-15-mt-book/sla_udp_echo.html
Q459. Refer to the exhibit.
If the remaining configuration uses default values, what is the expected output of the show mls qos queue-set command?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A. Exhibit A
B. Exhibit B
C. Exhibit C
D. Exhibit D
Answer: A
Explanation:
mls qos queue-set output qset-idthreshold queue-id drop-threshold1 drop-threshold2 reserved-threshold maximum-threshold
Configure the WTD thresholds, guarantee the availability of buffers, and configure the maximum memory allocation for the queue-set (four egress queues per port).
By default, the WTD thresholds for queues 1, 3, and 4 are set to 100 percent. The thresholds for queue 2 are set to 200 percent. The reserved thresholds for queues 1, 2, 3,
and 4 are set to 50 percent. The maximum thresholds for all queues are set to 400 percent.
. For qset-id , enter the ID of the queue-set specified in Step 2. The range is 1 to 2.
. For queue-id , enter the specific queue in the queue-set on which the command is performed. The range is 1 to 4.
. For drop-threshold1 drop-threshold2 , specify the two WTD thresholds expressed as a percentage of the queue’s allocated memory. Th e range is 1 to 3200 percent.
. For reserved-threshold , enter the amount of memory to be guaranteed (reserved) for the queue expressed as a percentage of the allocated memory. The range is 1 to 100 percent.
. For maximum-threshold , enable a queue in the full condition to obtain more buffers than are reserved for it. This is the maximum memory the queue can have before the packets are dropped if the common pool is not empty. The range is 1 to 3200 percent
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst3750x_3560x/software/release/1 2-2_55_se/configuration/guide/3750xscg/swqos.html
Q460. DRAG DROP
Drag and drop the NAT operations on the left into the correct sequential order on the right.
Answer: